星系:黑洞你不讲武德!******
近日,一个天文学家团队
发现了一个独特的黑洞
这个黑洞正向另一个星系
喷出44万光年长的“口水”
这一消息登上热搜
不少网友表示疑惑
黑洞不是可以吞噬一切吗?
怎么还能“吐口水”?
椭圆星系中形成恒星稀少之谜
如果说恒星是宇宙中的居民,那么星系就是宇宙中的村落或城市。根据不同的形态,星系主要被分成三类:椭圆星系、螺旋星系和不规则星系,螺旋体有大量的冷气体和尘埃,并有光学上看起来像蓝色的旋臂。在螺旋星系中,平均每年有一颗类似太阳的恒星形成。另一方面,椭圆星系的颜色是黄色的,缺乏像旋臂那样的独特特征。
图源:百度百科 椭圆星系
图源:百度百科 螺旋星系
就像人口并非均匀地分布于地球表面一样,这些宇宙城市和村落也是不均匀分布的。在螺旋星系中,平均每年都会产生一颗类似太阳的恒星。但在今天看到的椭圆星系中,数十亿年来没有产生任何恒星。为何在椭圆星系中恒星的产生会如此罕见?这对科学家来说一直是一个谜。
“吐口水”的黑洞是“凶手”?
一个天文学家小组在公民科学家的帮助下发现了这个独特的黑洞,它正在向另一个星系喷射火热的喷流,看起来像是在“吐口水”,这些喷流在星系中以极高的速度进行,耗尽了未来恒星形成所需要的冷气体和尘埃。
图像来源:Ananda Hota博士,GMRT,CFHT,MeerKAT
这表明,椭圆星系中形成恒星非常稀少的罪魁祸首或许就是这些大吐口水的黑洞。
这个黑洞位于RAD12星系中,该星系距离地球约10亿光年。RAD12中的黑洞似乎只向一个邻近的星系喷出了射流,这个星系被命名为RAD12-B。在所有情况下,喷流都是成对喷出的,以相对论的速度向相反的方向运动。为什么只看到一个喷流来自RAD12,这对天文学家来说仍然是一个谜。
黑洞还能喷东西?!
编号Sh2-101的郁金香星云
图片来源及版权:Peter Kohlmann
这片发出微红色光芒的星云
俗名为郁金香星云
星际气体和尘埃组成了
红色的花瓣
它们受到附近年轻恒星的
紫外光照耀而发光
花朵右侧那片弯曲的小叶子
就是黑洞喷流冲击形成的杰作
事件视界望远镜解析的半人马座A星系中央黑洞的中心喷流
图片来源:Radboud University; CSIRO/ATNF/I.Feain et al., R.Morganti et al., N.Junkes et al.; ESO/WFI; MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A. Weiss et al.; NASA/CXC/CfA/R. Kraft et al.; TANAMI/C. Mueller et al.; EHT/M. Janssen et al.
黑洞因贪吃而闻名,但它们却不会将落向它们的东西全都吃掉。一小部分物质会以强烈热气体喷流的形式射出,并对周围环境造成破坏,这些热气体被称作等离子体。一路上,这种等离子体以某种方式获取足够的能量来强烈地发光,并沿着黑洞的旋转轴形成两个亮柱。科学家们一直在争论,喷流中的这一过程究竟是在哪里发生和如何发生的。
黑洞的喷流是与黑洞周围的气体紧密相关的。要想产生喷流,首先黑洞周围要有足够的气体,这些气体形成一个气体盘,最后如果条件合适的话,那么部分的气体会在掉入黑洞的过程中,掉入到黑洞之前,沿着黑洞的转轴方向喷射出去,形成喷流。所以说喷流只是在特定情况下产生的,在宇宙当中,只有10%左右的超大质量黑洞才会产生黑洞喷流。
END
资料来源:中国国家天文、北京天文馆、国家空间科学中心、CNBeta、新疆科技馆
整理:董小娴
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() ![]() 彩票开户地图 |